Please ensure that the Reply includes more than 200 words with scholarly articles, and the plagiarism level must remain below 20%. Patient with Lowest Osteoporosis Risk The correct answer is A. Nehineza, an overweight African American female with a family history of uterine cancer. African American women have a number of protective aspects that hinder the occurrence of osteoporosis. The group of people generally is characterized by higher peak bone mass and increased bone density than in other ethnic groups offering natural support against bone loss. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) and the Baltimore Men Osteoporosis Study (MOST) indicate that in both genders, blacks have greater adjusted bone mineral density when compared with whites and an age-adjusted lower bone mineral density decline rate annually (Hochberg, 2024). Moreover, being overweight also has some mechanical advantages, with a denser body weight delivering useful loading forces to bones, thus stimulating osteoblasts and increasing bone formation. The family history of uterine cancer raises concerns about other health issues, but that is not directly related to risks of osteoporosis. 2. T-Score Values for Osteopenia Osteopenia can be specified as a bone mineral density T-scores that range between -1.0 and -2.5 standard deviations (NIAMS Science Communications and Outreach Branch, 2023). This system uses bone density in the patient and compares it to bone density in healthy young adults in peak bone mass. T-scores between -1.0 and -2.5 indicate normal bone density and lower scores than -2.5 indicate Osteoporosis (MedlinePlus .gov, 2021). The intermediate stage is osteopenia which implies a decreasing bone density, not yet being medically recognized as osteoporosis but should be monitored and possibly treated. 3. First-Line Treatment and Management Considerations The first line of treatment to treat osteoporosis is bisphosphonates (Dakkak et al., 2023). Generalized options consist of alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate and zoledronic acid. The drugs alternate osteoclastic action to keep the density of bones and limit resorption. The consideration of pre-treatment is critical to the safe initiation of treatment. Renal dysfunction should be assessed because bisphosphonates should not be used in individuals with creatinine clearance less than 30-35 mL/min. Gastrointestinal examination is important especially checks on esophageal conditions and presence of active peptic ulcer disease as well as not being able to stand after use. The laboratories assessments must contain serum calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. It is advisable to have dental check-up to determine possible jaw issues prior to starting therapy. Education and recommendations about patients deal with various areas. In the case of oral bisphosphonates, when the patient takes the pills, they should be taken with empty stomach using plain water first thing in the morning so that they do not lie flat for any more than 30 to 60 minutes (Mayo Clinic, 2024).Postmenopausal women should take 1200mg of calcium each day, as well as supplement it with 800-1000 IU of vitamin D daily to ensure the health of their bones (Oregon State University, 2014). To trigger bone building, weight-bearing and resistance training must be included in daily routines. References Dakkak, M., Banerjee, M., & White, L. (2023). Osteoporosis Treatment: Updated Guidelines From ACOG. American Family Physician, 108(1), 100–104. https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0700/practice-guidelines-osteoporosis-treatment.html Hochberg, M. C. (2024). Racial Differences in Bone Strength. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, 118, 305. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1863580/ Mayo Clinic. (2024, August 28). What medications help treat osteoporosis? Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/osteoporosis/in-depth/osteoporosis-treatment/art-20046869
